An Account of the Rising at Ximabara, and of the Notable Siege Thereof, and of the Deaths of Various of Our Portuguese Fellow-Countrymen for the Faith

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AN ACCOUNT

OF THE

RISING AT XIMABARA,

AND OF THE NOTABLE SIEGE THEREOF,
AND OF THE DEATHS OF VARIOUS
OF OUR PORTUGUESE FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN
FOR THE FAITH.

Com* Unlvftty Ubrary

“ 1096

(This part of the frontespiece
... refers to another work...
.. .which was included in...
.... the same pamphlet.)... .

Written by Duarte Correa, Familiar of the Holy
Office, a native of Alemquer, when he was a prison¬
er on account of the Faith which he professed, and
for which he gave up his life, by means of slow fire.

Id Lisbon. By Permission. Printed by Manoel da Silva, in the year 1643.

The price of tbls Account has been Died at.rels

on the 29th of August 1643.

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1901

TYP. E PAP. H. CAMPEAO & C. a

ALEMQUER

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PREFACE.

*

The pamphlet of which I am about to give a transla¬
tion was first brought to my notice by the fact of its au¬
thor having been a native of the township of Alemquer,
in Portugal, in which I have resided for the last forty
years, and have, during that period, published a large
amount of matter connected with its history.

As regards the biography of Duarte Correa, who
wrote it, but little more is known than what is set forth
in the pamphlet itself. Barbosa Machado, in his Biblio¬
graphical Dictionary, states that he was born in the town
of Alemquer, that he left his native place for the East,
and that he married at Mac&o a wife of virtuous antece¬
dents. It is to be presumed that she died before him;
because in his letter to the Jesuit, Father Antonio Fran-

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IV

cisco Cardim, the author of the Catalogue eorum qui in
Japonia in odium christianae jidei, violenta morte sublati
sunt, he asserts that he had been received a Brother of
the Company of Jesus; by the Provincial, Father Matheus
de Couros, which I presume that he could not have been
if his wife were living.

Moved by curiosity, says Barbosa, he got into Japan,
and, travelling in that vast Empire, arrived at Nagasa-
qui, the authorities of which city, upon learning that he
was a Christian, sent him as a prisoner to Omura on the
4. th November, 1637, where he was placed in the same
prison in which, eleven years previously, in 1626, a fel¬
low townsman of his, Joronymo de Maeedo de Carvalho,
had been encarcerated for the same motive. Promises,
threats and tortures having failed to induce him to abjure
the Faith of his fathers, he was at last roasted alive by
means of slow lire, enduring with the greatest constancy
and courage so painful a martyrdom. He died in August,
1639.

I cannot say if his is the only account existing of the
rising at Ximabara, or if it has already been quoted or
published in Europe or in Japan. It is sufficiently detailed
to be interesting, and it has every appearance of being
true; consequently, if any other account is known of the
same events, this one at least may be useful for compa¬
rison.

As regards the rarity of the pamphlet, I can say that
Innocencio da Silva, who is the best modern authority
upon bibliographical matters in Portugal, states that he
only knew of two copies, one being in the National Ar¬
chives, and the other in the Public Library at Lisbon.
Inquiry has proved that the former copy has disappeared.

A few months ago a copy bound up with other pam-

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V

phlets, was offered for sale in Lisbon, and was purchased
by me. I have every reason for believing that only these
two copies are now in existence.

At the end of the Account, reference is made to four
Ambassadors who were sent from Mac&o to Japan, in
1640. They took a suite of sixty persons with them, and,
upon arriving at Nagasaki, they were all beheaded rather
than give up their Religion.

Lisbon. 15. ,h April, 1901.

G. J. C. Henriques.

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To the Most Illustrious
and Most Reverend Senhor,
the Bishop Dom Francisco de Castro,
Inquisitor General
in the Kingdoms of Portugal,
and a Member of His Majesty’s
Privy Council.

Many works, and great ones, have availed themselves
of Your support, Most Illustrious Senhor, in order to gain
renown; and all, owing to your protection, Most Illus¬
trious Senhor, have been well received. This it was which
encouraged me to obtain a good repute for this small pa¬
per, by placing it as a debt in your hands; because, it being
an Account the sole subject of which is the courage with
which so many portuguese defended our Faith, of which
you, Most Illustrious Senhor, are the greatest Portuguese
Atlas, and the Supreme Argos, no one can be surprised
at my tendering it to you, nor can you deny to it your
support, more particularly when the principal subject of
the paper is a Familiar of the Holy Office, who is entitled
to have you, Most Illustrious Senhor, for his Defender.

Most Illustrious Senhor,
Your Humble Servant,

Antonio Correa .

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A letter from Duarte Correa, a Portuguese,
born at Alemquer , and a Familiar of the
Holy Office, addressed to Father Anto¬
nio Francisco Cardim, oj the Company
of Jesus, at Macao.

I write these lines by which I bid your Reve¬
rence good bye, to ask you to help me to give
many thanks to God Our Lord, for the great mer¬
cies which he has vouchsafed to this sinner, brin¬
ging me by unforeseen paths to this first step to¬
wards a glorious death: may the same Lord be
pleased to so continue it unto the end.

When the Governors of Nangasaqui sent for
me, I thought that it was for the purpose of put¬
ting some questions to me, but it was not so; they
handed me over to a Minister of Justice of Vo-
mura, telling me to accompany him, and he
brought me to this State of Vomura, where I ar¬
rived on the 4.' 11 of November, 1637. He lodged
me in the prison where they were accustomed to
put the priests and the Christians who, in the past
years, have died for the Faith.

With this I send an account of w r hat took place
at Ximabara, which I have written to the best of
my ability, being that which I saw, and which
was told to me by the noblemen who came here
to see me. This 1 did to give pleasure to Your Re-

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verence, humbly begging you to pardon the un¬
polished words which it may contain, and, with
like humility, I venture to present this offering,
in order that, after perusing it, you may hand it
over to the secular arm.

Already Your Reverence will have heard of
the miserable condition to which the Portuguese
have fallen in this kingdom, that if one of them
dies the Japanese will not allow him to be buried,
in order that the earth of the Christian’s body may
not get mixed with that of the Japanese. This was
clearly shewn in the cases of the Christian mari¬
ner of the ship Santa Cru\, who died; and the
slave, who also died, belonging to the Comman¬
der of the Fleet, Dom Francisco de Castel Branco,
thus proving the innate hatred and bad will which
they have for us and for our Holy Law. Should I
die, I beg to remind Your Reverence that I am a
Brother of the Company, by Letters issued by the
Provincial, Father Matheus de Couros.

God preserve Your Reverence as He can.

From this Prison of Vomura, in October, 1 638 .

Duarte Correa.

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AZST AOOOTJJSET

OF THE

RISING AT XIMABARA

As soon as the vessels from Macao had sailed
from Nangasaqui, the Governors also set out, on
the 8 th of November, 1687, for the Court of Yin-
do, where they arived on the i7 ,h of December.
They at once visited the Emperor, to render to
him an account of their government, and of the
way in which they had put to death the Religious
of the Order of Saint Dominick, and Father Mar-
celo of the Company of Jesus.

At the same time there reached the Court, sent
by way of Bungo, the news of the rising of the
entire Kingdom of Arima, sent by the Chief Jus¬
tice, who was there, stating that the Christians of
Ximabara had risen, because they were Christians,
and that they had put to death one of the Gover-

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nors and more than thirty noblemen; that the for¬
tress of Ximabara was besieged, the remainder of
the nobles and the officials having taken refuge
there; and that the Rebels had burned down all
the houses in the city. The same reports spread
over all the kingdoms adjoining that of Arima, and
reached this kingdom of Vomura, where they pro¬
duced a great sensation, it being uncertain whe¬
ther the Rebels had risen because they were Chris¬
tians or on account of the fresh taxes which had
been levied upon them.

As soon as the Governors of Nangasaqui learn¬
ed at the Court that the rebellion was caused by
their being Christians, filled with rage, they re¬
turned post haste to the relief of Nangasaqui, un¬
der the impression that it was the inhabitants of
that city who had revolted because they were
Christians; and such was the rapidity with which
they travelled that, by the 17 th of January, 16 3 8,
they were again in Nangasaqui, which, they were
very pleased to find, was undisturbed.

As the city of Nangasaqui belongs to the
Crown, and is much esteemed by the Emperor,
assistance arrived from various quarters, and, it
being feared that the Rebels might enter N’anga-
saqui, more than forty thousand men came from
Chicungo to guard the suburbs of the city, and
were quartered upon the hills of Mungi, as far as
the village of Fime, no person whatever being
allowed to pass unless he could shew letters from
the place to which he belonged, setting forth the
name of the street in which he lived, and the
house at which he had last stayed, without which

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no one was allowed to go any where. From the
kingdoms of Figem and F'ingo there also came
many people to surround the hills of Ximabara.

Upon the Governors of Nangasaqui enquiring
into the cause of the rising, they found it to be
the atrocious tyranny of the Governors appointed
by Nangarodono, Lord of the Lands of Arima;
for, in addition to the ordinary tribute of rice,
wheat and barley, which the tillers of the soil paid
each year, they were forcing them to pay two
other imposts, one the Nono (Ninth Part?) and
the other the Canga (for each yoke of Oxen ?),
and one half of each tobacco plant, which half
was to consist of the best and largest leaves,
and if they were not, they had to pay two
shares to the Tono. From each Egg Plant they
had to give a certain number of the fruit; and
each house, in addition to the regular taxes, had
to pay a certain amount more; and when the sol¬
diers who were on guard had nothing to do they
were sent to the forests to cut wood for the salt
pans; all to increase the revenues of the Tono, at
the cost of the blood and sweat of the poor far¬
mers who, when unable to pay, were persecuted,
and their women were taken from them and pun¬
ished by being put into icy cold water, even
though they were with child, the result being that
many of them died thereof. From one honest man
they took the only daughter he had, a virgin and
a beauty. They stripped her entirely naked and
then applied burning sticks to various parts of
her body. The father, who had at first thought
that they were only seizing the girl to hold her as

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a hostage for the payment of his debt, had offered
no opposition; but when he saw how they were
illtreating her, he could contain himself no longer;
he rushed at the Officer of Justice and killed him
and his companions. It was because the farmers
were unable to bear any longer the insolence and
tyranny, practiced by the Governors and Officers
of Nangatodono, that they rose in rebellion against
their Lord, and not because they were Christians,
as it answered the purpose of the Tone's Officers
to say that it was, so as to hide their despotism,
and prevent their losing favour with the Emperor
and the principal people of Japan.

About the same time some of the villages of
Amacusa became disturbed; some saying that it
was because they were Christians, others that it
was also owing to the tyranny practised by the
Tono of Arima.

As soon as the Officers of Terazava, the Lord
of Amacusa, received news of the revolt of these
villages, they at once sent nine noblemen with
three thousand warriors, of whom, when they
arrived at Amacusa, two thousand eight hundred
were killed. The wounded were taken to Nanga-
saqui to be nursed, and those who escaped ffed.
This battle was fought on the 27."’ of Rezember
1637, and it caused much consternation, chiefly
on account of the death of the nobles, among
whom was Miaque Tobe, the General of these
people, a man of great income and good repute.
It was stated that when the Rebels charged they
shouted Jesus and Mary, and with those sweet
Names they fought; even the women seizing

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_ lances which they cast at the enemy calling
upon Jesus and Mary, asserting that they were
Christians, and that it was on account of the ta¬
xes that they had taken up arms. These Christians
of Amacusa had a second battle, on the 3 rd of
January, 1 638 , in which many of them died, and
those who escaped, to the number, it is said, of
one thousand, joined the people of Ximabara.

The Rebels of Ximabara took two fortresses,
Ficnojo and Faronojo, to the latter of which they
retired and fortified themselves, but they collected
very little food, and that was the entire cause of
their destruction; for the number of men alone
was over thirty five thousand, without speaking
of the women and children. They burned the
Tono J s rice stores, and the vessels, and were within
an ace of capturing the fortress of Ximabara; the
captain of all these people being a young man
said to be not more than eighteen years of age,
named Maxondanoxiro.

The fortress of Faranojo had three walls, with
three moats, upon which he divided his followers,
with captains, officers, fusileers and lancers, each
at his post, and upon his own rampart.

When the first reports of the rebellion of Xi¬
mabara reached the Court, and it was attributed
to the fact of the people being Christians, they
produced a great effect upon the Toms from
Ozaca downwards; each one of whom hurried
off to his State. Nangatodono was at the Court
when the news from Ximabara reached him, and
he at once set out bv the mail route to relieve its
fortress, arriving there on the fifteenth of Janua-

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ry. He founed himself with only fifteen hundred
men; but with the greatest arrogance he asserted,
that, unaided, he would destroy all the Rebels;
but this was simply vain boasting, for he had no
experience whatever of War. And as the Gover¬
nors of Nangasaqui were preparing to go to Xi-
mab^ra, Nangato had no opportunity of doing
anything before they arrived, together with other
Lords who were coming down from the Court.

Having laid their plans at Nangasaqui, the
two Governors started for Ximabara on the 20 th
of January, 1 638 , and, for that purpose, sent to
this government of Oniura a request for eight
hundred serviceable men, and four large vessels
to guard the river of Nangasaqui. The Governors
took with them more than five hundred men at
arms, who bore on their clothing a particular de¬
vice. On the same day there arrived at Isafai
eight hundred men, with the eldest son of the
Lord of Figem, whose father, being an old man,
had sent him on in advance from the Court. One
of this Tono’s captains, named Vacassagotto, en¬
deavoured to act as an intermediary, and bring
about a settlement of some kind, but was oppo¬
sed by Nangato, which led to the conclusion that
the rebellion was caused by the taxes, an opinion
which was confirmed when, at the Court, upon
Ficoyemon, the principal Officer of this Torn of
Omura, being asked if the Christians were in the
habit of rising in this way replied, that the rebel¬
lion could not be on account of their being Chris¬
tians because, at the time when they were Chris¬
tians and possessed great Christian captains, they

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never rebelled before this; and he was seventy
years of age.

After the Governors of Nangasaqui arrived
near Ximabara, they established their residence
in a village about half a league distant from the
fortress, where they awaited the arrival of the
Lords who had set out from the Court, so that
they might, jointly, decide upon the best way to
destroy the Rebels who had taken refuge in the
fortress of Faranojo, which was eight Japanese
leagues from Ximabara, but in sight of it, because
the intervening country was quite flat.

While the Governors were at that place there
was brought before them a Rebel who had esca¬
ped from the fortress, who, without being subject¬
ed to the torture, declared as follows: that the
Rebels were in number more than thirty thou¬
sand men; that they had provisions, some guns,
swords and lances; that the cause of the rising
was the taxes; and that he had been desirous of
escaping for some time previously, but had not
been able to do so fearing that they would put
him to death, because, at the time of the rising,
each had required the other to declare which side
he intended to take, and any one who decided
for the Tono was immediately killed. He stated
that he was a native of Figem, that, two years
previously, he had left that place in search of a
livelihood, and that he lived with the farmers.
In Figem he had been in the service of a noble¬
man whose name he mentioned, to whom he was
at once handed over; but for all that they cut his
head off.

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The Governors, continuing their preparations
for warfare, caused fifty odd pieces of artillery',
belonging to the Japanese vessels, to be taken
from Nangasaqui, in addition to a large number
of smaller ones from the Chinese ships; and thev
ordered an earth-work to be constructed from
which the rebel fortress could be bombarded;
but without effect. They also sent a Dutch ship
of war, which was at Firando, to bombard the
fortress from the seaward; but, as the garrison of
the fortress succeeded in killing a Dutchman who
was on the main-top, and he killed another who
was ascending, they retired.

While the Tonos were coming in with their
people, the besieged, in various sorties which
they made, killed large numbers. On one occa¬
sion they killed five hundred, and on another
eight hundred men, without suffering any loss on
their own side. This encouraged them to such an
extent that they used to shout from the walls
defiance to Nangato and his governors, calling to
them to come on and fight them.

In the month of February six men escaped
from the fortress, carrying the news that in the
outer line of defences there were neither pro¬
visions or powder, and that in the inner ones,
where Xir6 was, there were only enough for
seventy days; upon learning which the Gover¬
nors withdrew the greater part of their forces,
and opened a large trench while they were awai¬
ting the arrival of the other Tonos with their
people who were still expected. It was a pitiful
sight to see the number of poor wretches who

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!)

died from the effects of the terrible cold which
prevailed after these disturbances broke out.
The roads and the fields were literally full of
dead bodies, which, as they were not of noble
birth, were left unburied. But if the snow had
been as plentiful as it had been in previous years,
the number of deaths would have been much
greater. The greatest regret which the Governors
felt was for the deaths of the nobles; because
their wish was to settle with the Rebels without
any loss of life.

On the night of the 3 rd of February the Rebels
made a sortie in which they killed over two thou¬
sand men, among them being a Governor of the
Tono of Figem, and many nobles, who were much
regretted. The Tono of Figem alone had lost
already eight thousand men slain by the Rebels,
who never fired a shot that did not tell home in
the multitude of people who were encamped in
the fields. Spread over the country', many pieces
of written paper were found, calling the noble¬
men cowards, who knew nothing of the use of
arms, and could only wield the ginas (?) with
which they made up their accounts, collected
their rents, and increased the taxes; while their
arms they had handed over to the farmers.

The Tono of Chicugem and one of his sons
arrived at Ximab^ra on the io ,h of March with
thirty thousand men, and found there already
the Tono of Fingo with forty thousand men; the
Tono of Chincugo whith fifteen thousand men;
another from the same kingdom with ten thou¬
sand men; one of the Lords of Bungo with two

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thousand seven hundred; the Tono of Amacusa
with three thousand men; the Tono of Vomura
with five thousand men; and the Tono of Firando
with three thousand men. Nangato, Lord of Xi-
mabara, had onlv five hundred men with him.

The Tono of Fingem had been among the
first to arrive, having bound himself to the Court
to carry out the enterprise, and so he was to the
front of all of them with an army of forty thou¬
sand men. In addition to the foregoing, there were
two of the principal Governors who had come
down from the Court, one of them being a rela¬
tion of the Emperor, the numbers of whose for¬
ces I was unable to ascertain; so that, opposed
to the thirtv five thousand Rebels, there were
more than two hundred thousand men.

This was the state of things as regards the
War at the end of March and the beginning of
April; the Governors in the field awaiting the
time when those in the fortress would have ex¬
hausted the few provisions which they had; when,
on the 4" 1 of April, forced by the pangs of hun¬
ger, one of the Companies which held the first
line of defence made a nocturnal sortie, and fell at
once upon the camps in which were lodged the
Tonos of Figem, Fungo and Chincungo, who
were the nearest to the fortress, and, as it was
night, there was great confusion in all the armies.
Large numbers were slain, for the struggle was
indiscriminate, one not being distinguishable from
the other. The fight commenced after midnight,
and, when the morning broke, friends lay side by
side, having killed each other. Among the slain

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three hundred and eighty odd were recognised as
rebels by the device which they bore; one being
a woman, in whose pocket some grains of roasted
i rice were found.

In this attack more than twenty prisoners were
taken, who stated that there was no food in the
fortress; that the besieged were dying of hunger;
and that only in the third line of defence, where
Xiro, the Captain-General, commanded, had they
any provisions, but no powder or cannon balls.
Upon learning this the Governors held a Council
which lasted some days, and resolved to earn'
the fortress by assault before the besieged could
attempt another sortie, which might be more
dangerous for the Camp than the previous one.

It was on the 12 th of April that the people of
Figem opened the assault in a body, but were
twice repelled by the besieged, and put to flight.
On that occasion an old captain of Figem, called
Vacassagotto, made use of a stratagem by means
of which he gained possession of the wall of the
first line of defence, and which was that, as soon
as the defenders had re-entered the fortress after
chasing his people, he turned back, climbed the
walls and raised his flags upon them, at a time
when the defenders were eating and resting in
the middle line of defence. When they saw this,
and rose to the attack, they were unable to regain
the outer wall, because the people of Figem, seeing
their flag flying on the wall rushed to meet them
with invincible fury, and, one upon the other,
climbed'the wall and made themselves masters
of the entire outer line.

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The Rebels then retired to the middle line of
defence, where they withstood a siege of two
days, defending themselves bravely, fighting and
throwing even the pots in which they cooked
their rice at the enemy for lack of other missiles.
The last fosse was five bra^as (34 feet) deep and
twelve bra9as (80 feet) wide, but it was filled
with the dead who fell into it, and with many,
still alive, who there gave up their last breath
unrecognised. On the t 5 ,h of April came the end,
the Rebels being all done away with, not one
being left except those who fled, and were caught
and put to death later on.

Such was the pitiful end of thirty five thou¬
sand or, as some say, thirty seven thousand men,
in addition to women and children, whose heads
were put up all over the field, being cut off one
by one. Many appeared to have been young no¬
blemen and were dressed in good robes and
wore swords. Great efforts were made to obtain
the head of Xiro, who, at the first, was not re¬
cognised, and it was reported that he had escaped;
but a soldier of the Torn of Fingo brought it in
saying that he had decapitated him. This Xir6
was a native of Fingo, his Christian name being
Jero'me. The head was taken to Nangasaqui and
there exhibited to the people. The number of the
dead left upon th£ plain was, it was said, double
that of the Rebels; among them being many Lords
of great revenues. No one returned who was not
deploring a loss; with some it was relations, with
others friends. This jail in which I am living is by
the side of the road from Ximabdra, and with my

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own eyes I saw, during the first few days when
they commenced returning, many servants weep¬
ing for the masters they had left dead behind
them, whose steeds they were conducting to their
homes. The servants had their pig-tails cut off,
which is a sign of sorrow, and which at once
made known that they had left their masters dead.
With regard to the wounded, who .were brought
in on stretchers, they were so numerous that I
got tired of counting them.

The fortress of Faranojo was rased to the
ground; the lands of Arima were divided among
various lords; and the lands of Amacusa were
given to another lord. The four Governors of
Nangato, the Lord of Arima and Ximabdra, were
beheaded; and, when Nangato arrived at the
Court, the house in which he lived was confisca¬
ted, a list being made of everything which it con¬
tained; and he was ordered to be beheaded.

In conclusion; whether the rebellion or rising
was because the Christians were persecuted and
oppressed solely because they were Christians,
or whether it was the result of excessive taxation,
what I can say is that the fear which these rene¬
gades and natives have, and which I noticed in
them during the War, was very great, especially
when they were said to be Christians; and those
who were Christians went about, as it were thun¬
der-struck, saying that it was God’s punishment.
May He avail us, and guard Your Reverence that
you may be able to render Him many services,
and to me may He plentifully dispense His Divine
Love, &c.

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This Account was drawn up by Duarte Cor¬
rea, a Familiar of t-he Holy Office, a native of
the town of Alemquer, married in the city of Ma¬
cao, he being a prisoner in the State of Vomura,
/ in the Kingdom of Arima, for the Faith of Christ,
for which he was tortured with various tortures,
to which he was submitted to make him give up
the Christian Faith, to which, as a good Christian,
he held firmly and steadfastly throughout; and at
last, these natives, finding that the tortures to
which they had submitted him did not cause his
death, bound him to a pillar or stake, and roasted
him alive, placing the fire at some distance from
his body, by means of bonfires lit up all around
him, so that his torture might last as long as pos¬
sible. In this way he gloriously gave up his life
for God in the month of August, 1639. The exact
day is not known.

Owing to this rising, and the deaths of such a
large multitude of people, both Christians and
others, the commerce with Japan was brought to
a close, and the Portuguese were done away with.
For this reason, as soon as the Governors of Ma¬
cao heard of what had taken place, thinking to
put matters right again, in order not to lose the
commerce which we had with Japan, they ordered
the four ambassadors who went in the year 1640,
to go and renew the contracts which had been bro¬
ken off owing to this rising of Ximabara and Ari¬
ma; but, as that rebellion had been so distasteful
to the Japanese, it gave rise to such a hatred of
the Christians that, whereas the four Ambassadors
who set out from Macao (as was related in a

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15

former Account) thought they would be able lo
put things straight again, it was on the contrary,
the cause of their glorious death; for all who went
gave their lives for the Faith of Christ Our Sa¬
viour. May He grant us his Divine Grace and
Glory to enable us to save ourselves. Amen.

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